Реакция сортов озимой мягкой пшеницы на стрессовое воздействие биотических и абиотических факторов среды

Study of the yield structure of winter rye cultivars in competitive variety testing makes it possible to evaluate the results of breeding and adjust the selection directions. In the conditions of the Kirov region (2022–2024), the yield structure of 13 zoned and promising cultivars of winter rye (Secale cereale L. var. vulgare Koern.) was studied in a field experiment. The analysis of the traits was carried out using the principal component analysis with biplot visualization. The principal component analysis based on the analysis of the correlation matrix reveals the causes of yield variability. The magnitude of the factor loadings showed an unequal contribution of traits to the increase in yield in different weather conditions. The traits “winter hardiness” and “plant height” had a positive effect on the productive potential of cultivars in both wet and dry conditions of the spring-summer vegetation period, “number of spikelets per ear” – only under favorable conditions and the absence of competition in the cenosis. The structure of factors changed with changing environmental conditions. The first factor (adaptability) explained 31.5–53.3 % of the yield variance due to winter hardiness with sufficient moisture during the summer growing season (2022, 2023) and due to plant height during drought in 2024 (factor loadings of 0.83–0.94 and 0.80, respectively). The second factor with an unstable structure explained 16.0–25.4 % of the yield variance due to the number of spikelets per ear and snow mold damage (factor loadings of 0.80 and 0.83, respectively). Reliably high yields in the experiment were obtained from the ‘Lika’ (4.97 t/ha), ‘Batist’ (4.92 t/ha), and ‘Grafinya’ (4.88 t/ha) cultivars, with the ‘Falenskaya 4’ standard indicator of 4.55 t/ha (LSD05 = 0.24). The traits “winter hardiness” and “plant height” made a significant contribution to the formation of the yield of the ‘Lika’ and ‘Batist’ cultivars and the “number of spikelets per ear” of the ‘Grafinya’ cultivars. High yields are formed with different contributions of adaptability and productivity traits. Breeding of winter rye in the conditions of the Kirov region should be aimed at increasing productivity.